What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

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What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients? Answer: The redox reactions of electron transport

Question context

This question is part of 🧫 Biotechnology within the broader 🧬 Medical Science subject and appears in the DemoPaper-Pakistan preparation collection. Reviewing the answer together with nearby questions helps reinforce the underlying concept and identify how it may appear in competitive exams.