During pregnancy, increased progesterone levels contribute to several common maternal symptoms. Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle, which can slow gastrointestinal motility and contribute to nausea, while its effects on the respiratory system can contribute to a sensation of dyspnea (shortness of breath). Pregnancy-related hormonal and physical changes also affect the urinary system and can contribute to bladder fullness/frequency.
A primigravida complains to the nurse about dyspnea, nausea and bladder fullness. The nurse should be aware that these symptoms during pregnancy are the result of an increased in which of the following hormones?
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