Higher gymnosperms show secondary growth, which is the increase in thickness of stems and roots due to the activity of vascular cambium and cork cambium. Pteridophytes, on the other hand, exhibit only primary growth, which is the elongation of stems and roots. Secondary growth allows gymnosperms to develop woody stems and grow taller, providing structural support.
Higher gymnosperms differ from pteridophytes in having well-defined _____?
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